Peptides: The Science, Uses & Safety | Dr. Abud Bakri

Introduction to Peptides and Their Uses

• Peptides are being used in combination with other therapies, such as growth hormone modulation and testosterone replacement therapy, to achieve rapid fitness and health transformations, with some individuals using a "trinity stack" of GLP-1, growth hormone, and androgen modulation therapies to lose fat and gain muscle 10s.
• The use of peptides, including FDA-approved peptides like GLP agonists, as well as peptides like body protection compound 157 (BPC-157), is becoming increasingly popular for various purposes, including gut health, tissue repair, and aesthetic reasons like improving skin and hair 2m6s.
• Certain peptides, such as GHK copper, are being used to promote collagen synthesis and repair, while others, like epithelen and pinealin, have been studied for their potential to improve DNA repair, longevity, REM sleep, and cognitive function 4m30s.
• It is essential to understand the biology of peptides and their potential effects on the body before considering their use, and to approach the topic with a critical and informed perspective, taking into account the known receptors, safety profiles, and potential concerns associated with different peptides 6m20s.
• The discussion of peptides will cover various topics, including their function, safety, and potential uses, as well as the importance of considering the differences between peptides with known receptors and those without, and the need for careful evaluation of the available evidence and potential risks 8m10s.
• The goal of the discussion is to provide a comprehensive and informative overview of peptides, covering both the science and the practical considerations, and to help listeners develop a deeper understanding of the topic and make informed decisions about the use of peptides 10m0s.
• Peptides are considered one of the languages of the human body, used for communication between cells, and can be broken down into subcategories based on whether they have receptors or not, with some peptides like GLP1 having a strong clinical effect, while others like BPC57 and TB500 do not have a clear target or identified receptor 10s.

Peptide Classification and Mechanisms of Action

• The distinction between peptides with and without receptors is important, as it can impact their clinical effects, and some peptides like BPC57 may be modifying existing proteins or linking them together to influence gene transcription, while others like steroid hormones bind to specific receptors to activate genetic expression 2m6s.
• Peptides can be categorized into two main groups: those with known receptors, such as GLP1, and those without known receptors, but which can still impact biology in interesting ways, as seen in animal data, with BPC57 being an example of the latter 4m30s.
• BPC57 is a 15-amino acid peptide derived from a larger protein called BPC, which was discovered by a group in Croatia in the 1990s, and is not naturally produced by the human body, but rather is a fragment of a larger protein that can be isolated and studied for its potential therapeutic effects 10m0s.
• The discovery of BPC and its fragments like BPC57 involved a process of fractionation, where tissues are broken down and separated based on protein size, and then tested on cells or in animals to determine their effects, with the goal of finding new medicines and treatments 12m0s.
• The scientist Pavlov conducted experiments on dogs, including putting a hole in their stomachs to collect gastric juices, which he sold as a medicine, and his work on gastric juices had positive effects on healing in people with GI distress and discomfort 10s.

Historical Context and Discovery of BPC57

• People were taking gastric juices from dogs for GI distress, GI discomfort, and some were trying it for wound healing, but they did not know what the specific compound was, and this science eventually fizzled out 2m6s.
• A scientist named Hansely developed the stress adaptation theory, which found that stressed animals had enlarged adrenals, destroyed gastric lining, and shrunk thymus gland and lymphatics, and this led to the idea that there must be a cytoprotective or organoprotective compound in the gut 4m6s.
• The stomach is a rich endocrine tissue that makes hormones like ghrelin, and scientists thought that there must be something else in the gut juice that protects the gut lining from further damage, and people were mostly drinking the gastric juices as a medical elixir 5m30s.
• Reports from the early 1900s suggest that the gastric juices may have had positive effects, independent of any marketing or sales, and this was before the discovery of specific peptides like BPC57 7m30s.
• A group in Croatia identified the 15 amino acid peptide BPC57, which causes biological effects, and this discovery led to further research on peptides and their potential effects on different organs and systems 10m30s.
• The field of peptides is interesting because almost every organ has a signature of peptides, and scientists like Dr. Vladimir Vulvich found peptides like carnosine and carnitine in muscle tissue, which have positive effects on strength training and performance 12m0s.
• The Croatian group isolated BPC57 and injected it into mice with induced injuries, such as severed tendons and nerves, and found that it had impressive effects, including faster healing times, and this led to further research on the potential therapeutic effects of BPC57 15m0s.

BPC57 and Its Therapeutic Potential

• Researchers have found that a compound called BBC, also known as an anti-stress compound, can prevent gastric ulcers in mice with burn wounds, and this discovery initially led to its consideration as a gastric treatment, not a musculoskeletal one 10s.
• The interest in using BBC, or BPC, for musculoskeletal injuries, such as tendon and muscle injuries, emerged later, particularly among bodybuilders, after a study on mice showed promising results for Achilles tendon repair 42s.
• A company called Eight produces smart mattress covers with features like cooling, heating, and sleep tracking, which can help regulate body temperature during sleep, an important factor for falling asleep and waking up feeling refreshed, with the latest model being the Pod 5 2m6s.
• Another company, Lingo, offers a wearable device that tracks glucose levels 24/7, which can help identify metabolic dysfunction and pre-diabetes, a condition that affects around 115 million adults in the US, often without clear symptoms 4m6s.
• Research on BPC has shown that it can accelerate healing of tendons, ligaments, and nerve pathways in animals, which is a significant finding given the challenges of nerve regeneration, particularly in the central nervous system 6m6s.
• The ability of BPC to promote repair and regeneration is considered unusual, given the historical difficulties in getting nerves to regenerate, and this has sparked interest in its potential uses and mechanisms 8m6s.
• BPC157 is a gut peptide that can affect various tissues in the body, including neurons, fibroblasts, and collagen, and it modulates growth and healing pathways, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, which can lead to the formation of new blood vessels, 10s.
• The peptide can also promote cell migration, especially when combined with TB500 and TB4, and it has an anti-stress effect, as evidenced by its ability to maintain or improve wound healing in mice treated with corticosteroids, 1m30s.
• BPC157 is not considered anti-inflammatory, but rather it seems to support the pro-inflammatory response, which is necessary for tissue repair, and it can put the "gas pedal" on regenerative and restorative biological processes, 2m6s.
• The peptide can increase the amount of growth hormone receptors on tendons, allowing for more growth hormone to stimulate tendon outgrowth and regrowth, and it can also modulate nitric oxide synthesis, which is important for wound healing, 3m40s.

Safety, Regulation, and Legal Status of BPC57

• BPC157 has been shown to have neurological effects, such as reducing the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal in mice and altering the response to alcohol, and it can also affect the gut-brain axis, leading to changes in dopaminergic signaling and potentially interacting with medications like Adderall, 5m10s.
• The peptide's effects on the gut-brain axis and its potential to modulate neurological and psychiatric conditions are considered to be particularly interesting and worthy of further study, 6m20s.
• BPC-157, also known as BBC, has been discussed in online forums, such as Reddit, where people share their experiences with the peptide, including its effects on depression and low energy 10s.
• In animal studies, BPC-157 has shown no adverse effects even at doses a thousand times higher than typical human doses, and its LD50, the dose that would kill 50% of animals, is unknown, making it challenging to become FDA-approved 2m6s.
• LD50 is a crucial number for determining the safety of any drug, and it is typically determined through animal testing, with known LD50 values for common substances like caffeine and aspirin 4m6s.
• There have been small phase one and phase two trials on rectal BPC-157 enemas, which showed no adverse effects, but the data is limited, and most of it comes from one research group, with some replication by Chinese groups 6m1s.
• The trials used doses of up to 80 milligrams, which is much higher than the typical dose of 100-200 micrograms per day used by people injecting BPC-157, and the peptide did not appear to enter the systemic system when administered rectally 8m5s.
• When BPC-157 is taken orally or rectally, it does not seem to enter the systemic system, but when injected, it can go systemic, and its effects can be felt throughout the body, although it is not clear if it leaves the gut when taken orally 10m4s.
• The bigger protein that contains BPC-157 is present in the body, but it is not clear if it is circulating or restricted to the gut, and more research is needed to understand how BPC-157 works and its potential effects on the body 12m5s.
• Researchers have been studying BPC, including a 2024 paper that aimed to detect if someone had taken BPC for doping purposes, as it is now on the banned list, and they were able to figure out if someone had taken BPC 10s.
• The dynamics of BPC are not well understood, including where it goes, how it works, and its effects, such as the results of 80mg enemas of BPC for colitis, although phase one and two trials showed no adverse effects and a positive signal for ulcer colitis, respectively 1m4s.
• The phase two trial, which had 40 patients, was conducted in Croatia, and some people question the validity of the study due to its location, but the groups conducting the trials seem to be doing robust, randomized, control, double-blind, placebo-control trials 2m6s.
• The question of whether the science is good and would pass muster in the United States is important, as some people are hesitant to trust research from other countries, especially when it comes to Soviet-era research that may have been fabricated 3m30s.
• The United States has a profit-driven drug model, whereas other countries, such as Russia, have focused on performance-enhancing research, which has led to the development of some potent compounds, including peptides 5m10s.
• BPC57 is currently legal in the United States for research purposes only, and it can be purchased online, but its availability and regulation are subject to change, with recent regulations affecting its classification and availability from compounding pharmacies 8m30s.
• BPC57 was moved to a category 2 list in late 2024, which means that the FDA does not recommend compounding it, but some compounding pharmacies have found ways to re-label it as a different peptide, such as PDA or pentadecapeptide arginate, which is essentially the same thing 10m40s.
• The peptide BPC-157 was removed from the category 2 list in April of this year and is not yet on the category 1 list, which would allow physicians to prescribe it through compounding pharmacies, but they can prescribe the FDA-approved version 10s.
• There is controversy surrounding the prescription of non-FDA approved peptides, as state medical boards have different views on the matter, and even if the FDA allows it, the medical board in a particular state may not 42s.
• Telehealth laws are applicable where the patient is located, so if a doctor in one state prescribes a peptide that is not allowed in another state where the patient is located, it would be against the medical board of the state where the patient is 2m6s.
• There is a rumor about an athlete from Eastern Europe who used BPC-157 to recover from a complete Achilles tendon cut and went on to win a medal in the Olympics, but this story is unverified and likely based on hearsay 4m30s.

Peptide Market and Accessibility

• The story about the athlete using BPC-157 was likely exaggerated and used as a marketing tool to sell more of the peptide, and it is difficult to prove whether an athlete used a particular peptide due to its rapid clearance from the body 6m40s.
• The demand for peptides like BPC-157 has increased due to the limited supply of traditional pharmaceutical versions of similar drugs, such as GLP1s, which has led some people to seek alternative sources, including online pharmacies or pharmacies in other countries like Mexico 8m50s.
• The cost of certain medications can vary significantly, with some versions costing 10 times more than others, such as $150 versus $1,500, highlighting the issue of overcharging for drugs 10s.
• The Trump RX initiative has helped lower the prices of many drugs, and in cases of medication shortages, compound pharmacies are allowed to produce compounded versions of the drugs to meet the demand, as seen with semiglutide and zepatide 1m5s.
• Compound pharmacies, such as Revive, can make a lot of money from producing these compounded versions, especially when there is a shortage of the FDA-approved versions, and they can sell them for less than the standard pharmaceutical companies 2m6s.
• However, the pricing of these compounded medications can be discretionary, with the provider, such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or physician's assistant, having the ability to set the price, which can lead to clinicians making a significant profit 3m20s.
• In some cases, the clinician may charge the patient a much higher price for the compounded medication than what they paid for it from the pharmacy, with the difference going to the clinician, which is a practice that may not be legal in most states 4m40s.
• Patients have the right to ask their clinicians about the cost of the medication and what they are being charged, and with the rise of telehealth platforms, patients may become more aware of the pricing discrepancies and demand more transparency 6m30s.
• The growth of telehealth platforms may lead to a situation where medications, including peptides like BBC, are sold online with a doctor's stamp of approval, but without proper medical care or oversight, which is a concern 8m10s.
• The gray market for peptides has been active for about a decade, with many people purchasing peptides for research purposes only from websites like Peptide Sciences, which would require buyers to sign a disclaimer stating the peptides were not for animal or human use, and payment would be made through services like Venmo or Zelle 10s.
• The gray market for peptides is estimated to have generated $5 to 10 billion in spending in the United States in 2025, with the market evolving to include payment processors, and it is expected to grow further 2m6s.
• Standard pharmaceutical companies, such as Novanoris and Eli Lilly, produce high-quality, pure products that undergo stringent processes, whereas compounding pharmacies can vary in quality, depending on the specific pharmacy 2m6s.
• Some individuals, like Robert Breedlove, have compared gray market peptides to those from compounding pharmacies and found them to be identical, but as a physician, it is essential to consider the potential risks and quality control issues associated with gray market sources 4m30s.
• The active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for peptides, including those from compounding pharmacies and gray market sources, are primarily sourced from China, with the raw materials or synthesized compounds being packaged or finished in other countries 6m10s.
• Compounding pharmacies can vary in quality, with some having good quality control and testing, while others may not, and they often compound peptides with other ingredients, such as B12 or B6, to get around regulations and address specific patient needs 8m20s.
• The practice of compounding peptides with other ingredients, such as B12 or B6, to alleviate side effects like nausea, may not be entirely effective, and the actual benefits of this practice are not well-established 10m40s.
• Anecdotal evidence suggests that some people respond better to pharmaceutical-grade peptides than to compounded peptides, although research on the topic is inconsistent, and the quality of peptides can vary greatly depending on their source and manufacturing process 10s.
• The raw materials for peptides often come from the same source, but are then filtered into different categories, with standard pharmaceutical companies being the most stringent, while compounding pharmacies and gray market suppliers may have varying levels of quality control 2m6s.
• Gray market peptides, often labeled as "for research purposes only," can be of excellent or dreadful quality, but it is difficult to determine which ones are which, and batch-to-batch consistency is also a concern 4m42s.
• The gray market for peptides has existed for many years, but has grown significantly since 2024, when many peptides were reclassified and banned, leading to an increase in people seeking them out for personal use, often through online affiliates and social media platforms 6m15s.
• The peptide market is not limited to bodybuilders and men, as more than half of the market is estimated to be female, with many women using peptides for skin rejuvenation and collagen production, and the market for women is expected to continue to grow 10m10s.
• Black market peptides are often extremely cheap and may be purchased directly from China or through unofficial channels, such as WhatsApp, and are considered to be a higher risk due to the lack of quality control and regulation 14m20s.

Peptide Quality and Risks

• The use of peptides has become more accepted, partly due to the growth of the GLP-1 community, which has made people more comfortable with injecting themselves, a practice that was previously stigmatized, and this change in perception has occurred over the past five years 2m6s.
• The GLP-1 community has contributed to the destigmatization of self-injection, making it more acceptable for people to inject peptides, with the realization that it is a relatively painless process, comparable to a minor insect bite 2m6s.
• There are concerns about the potential risks of peptides, such as BPC57, including the possibility of angioenesis, which is the growth of vasculature, and the potential for this to cause tumors to grow more quickly if they are present in the body 4m37s.
• Despite these concerns, there is currently no evidence to suggest that BPC57 has caused tumors to grow more quickly in humans or animals, and most compounds that are carcinogenic will show a signature of cancer in animal studies 6m30s.
• The majority of animal data on BPC57 comes from one research group, which may limit the scope of the findings, but there are also a few Chinese studies on the topic, and a phase two trial on BPC57 is currently underway in the United States 8m15s.
• The potential therapeutic applications of peptides, including BPC57, are being explored, and if they are moved to a category one list, they may become more widely available by prescription, which could lead to further research and development 10m30s.
• Other compounds, such as Cardarine GW, have shown promise for treating certain conditions, but have also been found to have potential risks, such as carcinogenic effects, which highlights the need for careful evaluation and testing of new therapies 7m10s.
• The goal is to conduct a phase 4 trial where BPC-157 is prescribed and the effects on people can be observed and aggregated into one place to report on the findings 10s.
• There are signals on Reddit and personal observations that suggest BPC-157 may worsen hematomas, which makes sense given its effect on the VEGF pathway, and some people have reported that angiomas on their face get worse when taking the peptide 42s.
• BPC-157 is not a uniform androgenesis upregulator, and in some models, it decreases VEGF, such as in a melanoma cell line, which could potentially make it anti-cancer, but more testing is needed 2m6s.
• The potential uses of BPC-157 are vast, and it could be beneficial in the ICU to help people with critical illnesses, such as gastric ulcers, but more data is required to confirm its effectiveness 2m6s.

Research and Clinical Trials on BPC157

• A formal randomized control trial on BPC-157 is needed, and there are multiple patents on the peptide depending on the salt it is in, with the patent being passed around to different companies, including TAVA, a generic pharmaceutical company 6m36s.
• The importance of nutritional supplements, such as AG1, is also discussed, which combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens to support overall health and fill gaps in daily nutrition 4m30s.
• Peptides, such as BPC157, have patent issues due to the ability to modify them by adding one amino acid, making them a different compound, which is a problem with patent laws for peptides 10s.
• The current patents for BPC157 are held by companies, but one of the patents is set to expire in about 10 years, and it is possible that the patent could be sold if an offer is made 42s.
• Dr. Crick, the person behind BPC157, is based in Croatia, and there is a lack of financial incentive to conduct large-scale studies on the peptide due to its widespread use through research websites 1m6s.
• As a physician working with FDA-approved drugs, there is a different perspective on peptides like BPC157, and anecdotal evidence suggests potential benefits, such as improved skin and mood, but these claims need to be validated through clinical trials 2m6s.
• To design a study on BPC157, it would be necessary to narrow down the potential endpoints, such as recovery from injury, gastric issues, or mood interaction with dopamine receptors, and select the most promising areas for investigation 3m30s.
• Potential areas of study for BPC157 include its effects on ulcerative colitis, with a possible phase three trial using an encapsulated version of the peptide, as well as its impact on conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 5m20s.

Anecdotal Evidence and Personal Experiences with BPC157

• Anecdotal evidence, such as the experience of individuals who have taken BPC157 and reported improved symptoms, could be used to inform the design of a clinical trial, but it is essential to account for the possibility of placebo effects 6m40s.
• The gut has a protective effect, with mechanisms such as prostaglandins and hormones, and BPC157 may be part of this robust armory that protects the gut from further injuries, as it has been noticed in mice literature that there would be protection deeper down in the gastric tract from an offending agent 10s.
• There is speculation about the potential of BPC157 to interfere with the reinforcing properties of addictive substances, such as alcohol, and possibly touching the craving mechanisms themselves, which could be due to its effect on the gut-brain axis 2m6s.
• The potential of BPC157 to affect the nervous system, particularly in relation to addictions, is an area of interest, with possible studies on neuropsychiatric effects, and it is thought that BPC157 may be locally in the gut, shutting down neurons to protect vital organs 2m6s.
• Research on the effects of BPC157 on the muscular skeletal system, such as tendon injuries, is needed, with potential studies on post-surgical outcomes, and the idea is to see if BPC157 can accelerate the healing process, allowing for faster recovery 4m30s.
• The challenge of conducting internal control experiments, such as one limb versus opposite limb control, is due to the systemic transfer of BPC157 when applied orally or injected systemically, making it difficult to isolate the effects on a specific injury site 6m30s.
• Some individuals, including athletes, have reported using BPC157 to accelerate healing from injuries, such as tendonitis, and have experienced positive results, even when the treatment was applied to a different injury site 8m0s.
• A personal anecdote is shared about using BPC-157 to treat a torn tricep, with the individual experiencing a rapid recovery of about 3-4 weeks, which is significantly faster than the typical 3-month recovery time for a grade two tricep tear 10s.
• The dosage used in this instance was significantly higher than the typical microgram doses, with the individual acknowledging that the effective dose for humans is still unknown and may be much higher than what is commonly used 2m6s.
• Another anecdote is shared about using BPC-157 to treat a trap neck pull, with the individual experiencing a rapid recovery of about 2 days, although it is noted that the outcome may have been due to the placebo effect or other factors 4m30s.
• It is acknowledged that not everyone who uses BPC-157 experiences positive results, and some individuals may experience no effect or adverse effects, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand the effects of BPC-157 6m20s.

Ethical and Medical Considerations in Peptide Use

• The importance of sourcing BPC-157 from a reputable supplier, such as a compounding pharmacy, is emphasized, as contamination or other issues with the product can affect its efficacy and safety 8m10s.
• The placebo effect and individual variability in response to BPC-157 are noted as factors that can influence the perceived effectiveness of the treatment, making it difficult to determine the true efficacy of the peptide 9m40s.
• The use of BPC (BBC) is a concern, as millions of people may be injecting it without proper understanding of its effects, and it is crucial to gather data to determine its safety and efficacy 10s.
• If BPC is found to be effective in the future, it would be unfortunate that people had to undergo unnecessary joint replacements and suffer from injuries that could have been healed, and athletes may have had shorter careers than they could have had 1m20s.
• Young people, such as 18-year-old gym-goers, are already using BPC, and it is a concern because they may not need it, as their bodies already produce the necessary peptides, and this is supported by parabiosis studies 2m6s.
• The trend of "looks maxing" is also a concern, as many young people are taking testosterone and other substances without medical necessity, potentially causing permanent damage to their fertility and other health issues 4m30s.
• There are three potential problematic outcomes for BPC: it works well but is not studied, it is detrimental, or it is associated with adverse events that may not be due to the substance itself, but rather to misuse or other factors 8m10s.
• The hormone replacement therapy field has established protocols for administering therapies like progesterone or estrogen replacement, and patients are aware of potential adverse outcomes, but this is not the case for BPC, where the substance, its dissolution, or other factors may cause problems 10m20s.
• Some individuals, particularly in the gym community, are meticulous about the type of oil used to dissolve their testosterone and the method of injection, highlighting the need for careful consideration and monitoring of peptide use 12m30s.
• The use of peptides is currently unregulated, creating a "wild westish" situation, and the main concern is not the peptides themselves, but how they are being made available to people, which could potentially harm them or cause them to be overlooked as useful compounds 10s.
• As a physician, discussing the use of peptides like BPC with patients can be challenging, as recommending them in a hospital setting could result in license revocation, but having an open discussion in a clinic setting could be a more suitable approach 2m6s.

Regulatory and Legal Framework for Peptide Use

• The FDA's categorization of peptides and their legality will play a significant role in how physicians can discuss and prescribe them to patients, and if they are moved to a category one list, physicians may be able to have more open discussions with patients about their use 4m30s.
• Some peptides, like BPC157, are being sold as oral supplements, which raises questions about their legal status and whether they can be considered dietary supplements, as they can be found in animal organs like the stomach 6m15s.
• Research by scientists like Dr. Vladimir McCavson has shown that certain peptides, such as those found in liver, can be orally bioavailable and have potential health benefits, but more research is needed to fully understand their effects 8m40s.
• The use of peptides like BPC157 could be beneficial for patients dealing with certain health issues, such as ACL tears, but more research and open discussions between physicians and patients are needed to fully explore their potential 12m20s.
• Peptides are a new category of substances with limited data available, and while there may not be severe risks, they could still exist, and patients should be aware of the unknowns before taking them, typically in doses of x number of micrograms or milligrams per day for 2 weeks 10s.
• To ensure the peptides are real and clean, patients should verify that they are obtained from a reliable source, and physicians may prescribe them through a compounding pharmacy, which can raise concerns about incentives and potential conflicts of interest 42s.
• Unlike pharmaceutical companies, where physicians do not receive direct payment for prescribing certain medications, such as a $1,500 pen of GLP from a company like Lily, compounding pharmacies may offer incentives to physicians who prescribe their products 2m6s.

Peptide Use in Veterinary Medicine

• Physicians may receive peripheral incentives, such as flights to conferences, and pharmaceutical companies often lobby medical schools, creating a complex relationship between physicians, pharmaceutical companies, and compounding pharmacies 2m6s.
• Patients have the right to ask their physicians about the cost of peptides and potential profits, and physicians may or may not disclose this information, while also being protected or not protected from liability if something negative happens to the patient 4m30s.
• Malpractice providers often do not cover non-FDA approved peptides, and patients may sue physicians, compounding pharmacies, or pharmaceutical companies if they experience adverse effects, highlighting the importance of informed decision-making and understanding the potential risks and benefits 6m40s.
• The conversation also touches on the topic of pinealon, a peptide that can affect sleep patterns, with one individual reporting that taking it before sleep reduces deep slow-wave sleep and increases REM sleep, which may not be a desirable outcome 10m30s.
• Pinealon is a tripeptide that can improve the quality of sleep by increasing the percentage of REM sleep, with some individuals reporting an increase from 1.5 hours to 3 hours of REM sleep in the same amount of sleep, and it can be used occasionally, such as three times a month, to have a lingering effect on sleep quality 10s.
• Pinealon has no known receptor and was discovered by Soviet researcher Dr. Vladimir Cavinson, who was tasked with identifying peptides to defend soldiers, astronauts, and pilots from the effects of aging and stress 2m6s.
• Dr. Vladimir Cavinson's research involved using extracts of the pineal gland and thymus to reverse aging effects in soldiers, astronauts, and pilots, who often experienced poor circadian rhythmicity, immunity, and autoimmune problems due to their work 2m6s.
• The use of pineal gland extracts was not a new concept, as there was existing literature on the topic from the late 1800s to the 1970s, and Dr. Cavinson built upon this research to identify specific peptides, including epialon and pinealon, that could have beneficial effects 2m6s.
• Despite its name, pinealon is not derived from the pineal gland, but rather from a ground-up brain extract called cortexin, which is specific to the cortical region of the brain, not the subcortical regions 4m30s.
• Epialon, on the other hand, is derived from the pineal gland and has been shown to have effects on the pineal gland, such as improving the timing and amount of melatonin output, and it is possible that pinealon may have similar effects due to its name and potential mechanism of action 6m0s.

Peptide Use in Animal Research and Applications

• Epialamine, also known as pineal gland extract, has a great effect on circadian rhythmicity and is rich in melatonin, which helps create melatonin from serotonin, and it was able to restore melatonin production in aged animals and eventually replicated in humans 10s.
• The pineal gland extract was later renamed to EDR, a three amino acid sequence, to avoid confusion, and it has been found to have an effect on REM sleep, which is difficult to increase, except through certain methods such as heating the sleep environment or using alpha GPC 2m6s.
• EDR, a tripeptide with no receptor, has been found to meet the groove of the DNA of different key regions, helping the promoter region be exposed, allowing for DNA transcription and translation, and it seems to be turning on genetic programs, acting like a transcription factor 4m30s.
• The original creator of pinealon, also known as EDR, studied its effects on different neuronal tissue extracts, animal studies, and athletes, and found that it leads to better brain metabolism through modulating various pathways, such as GDF11, sod one, sod two, and PPR alpha and gamma 6m20s.
• EDR was available orally in some countries and was used as an anti-stress and cognitive performance compound, and when taken in the morning, it can have a positive effect on cognitive performance, reducing brain fog and improving thinking, and some people have reported taking it in the morning to improve their mental clarity 8m40s.
• The optimal dosage of EDR is not specified, but it is mentioned that taking a high enough dose can cause sedation, while taking it in the morning or before a workout can have a positive effect on cognitive performance and physical endurance 11m30s.
• People take peptides orally in dosages ranging from half a milligram to three milligrams, with some products like Cavson from Russia containing 200 micrograms, and it is believed to cross the blood-brain barrier due to its small size as a tripeptide 10s.
• The peptide is thought to be systemically available and can be taken at night to induce good sleep, with some individuals experiencing vivid dreams and improved sleep quality, although it may cause awakening in some cases 2m6s.
• The recommended dosage can vary depending on individual sensitivity, with some people taking half the recommended amount to avoid deep sleep and potential disruptions to sleep architecture 2m6s.
• There are no known risks associated with the peptide in the available Russian literature, but it is essential to note that this is not considered gold standard American research 4m30s.

Pinealon and Related Peptides

• The theory behind the peptide is that it replenishes naturally occurring peptides that decline with age, potentially restoring some aspects of youthfulness, similar to the effects of GHK copper, another tripeptide 5m30s.
• Some potential side effects of the peptide include a drop in blood sugar due to its activation of PPR alpha and PPR gamma, which can have positive metabolic effects, such as lowering A1C levels in some individuals 6m30s.
• Other reported effects of the peptide include vivid dreams, improved alertness during the day, and better performance during high-intensity interval training, possibly due to its modulation of various pathways, including PPR alpha and PPR gamma 8m0s.
• The peptide's mechanism of action is not fully understood, as it does not appear to act through a single specific receptor, but rather through multiple pathways 9m0s.
• The importance of comprehensive lab testing for health is emphasized, as it provides valuable information on what is happening in the body, and a service called Function offers this type of testing in an easy and affordable way, with a membership costing only $365 a year 10s.
• The pineal gland is discussed, and it is mentioned that some people believe it becomes calcified as people age, which was initially thought to be nonsense, but research suggests that this calcification may be a real issue that affects the gland's function 2m6s.
• The conversation touches on the work of neuroanatomists such as Harvey Carton, who was skeptical about the calcification of the pineal gland, but it is now believed that this calcification may be a key aspect of aging and longevity 2m6s.
• The pineal gland's role in the body is not fully understood, and it is considered a less "sexy" area of research, but it is thought to be important for overall health and longevity, with some research suggesting that the decrease in pineal gland function with aging is more of a physiologic than an anatomic problem 2m6s.
• A peptide called epital, which is related to the pineal gland, is mentioned, and it is noted that more research is needed to understand its effects on the body and its potential relationship to the pineal gland's function 2m6s.
• Calcification can be observed on MRI scans, particularly in patients who have experienced a stroke or traumatic brain injury, and this calcification may be related to the deterioration of melatonin synthesis, which decreases dramatically with age, potentially leading to issues such as precocious puberty in some cases 10s.
• The rhythmicity of melatonin secretion is not very pronounced in young babies, but it becomes more rhythmic over time, and factors such as artificial lighting and lack of sunlight exposure can disrupt this rhythmicity, making people somewhat arrhythmic or phase-shifted 2m6s.
• Epithalamin, also known as epialin or epalon, is a peptide that can restore the function of the pineal gland and other tissues, increasing the expression of clock genes in peripheral tissues, leading to a more rhythmic pattern, and resulting in higher morning cortisol levels, which is desirable for overall health 4m6s.
• The use of peptides like epithalamin can help restore a more circadian-appropriate hormonal profile, and their effects can be long-lasting, even after the treatment has stopped, as they can upregulate or downregulate certain genetic pathways, leading to accrued benefits over time 8m10s.
• A 15-year longevity study conducted by a Russian researcher found that patients who received epithalamin and another peptide called thymulin had a significantly lower mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease, infectious diseases, and cancer, even though they only received the treatment for a short period each year 10m20s.
• The potential benefits of peptides like epialin are significant, and they can have a positive impact on overall health and longevity, making them an exciting area of research and study, with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of various diseases 12m40s.
• The interest in peptides stems from their potential to combat neurodegeneration in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and glaucoma, with epialin being a molecule that can help repair or maintain the machinery lost in optic nerve damage conditions, which model diseases like glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, stroke, and traumatic head injury 10s.
• BPC57 has not been extensively studied in terms of optic nerve repair, but it should be, as it could have a significant impact on conditions that cause blindness or vision loss 1m42s.
• Peptides like epialin are interesting because they target DNA repair, rather than just working on downstream receptors or vague targets, which is similar to the concept of gene therapy 2m6s.
• Epialin is thought to support genetic machinery, particularly in the eyes, where it may be repairing damaged photoreceptors in conditions like retinitis pigmentosa, and potentially upregulating melanopsin levels 3m15s.
• Melanopsin is a protein that is sensitive to morning sunlight, and increasing its levels can make morning sunlight more effective, but it requires a period of darkness to regenerate, as seen in animal studies where 5 days of pure darkness dramatically increases melanopsin levels 4m30s.

The Role of the Pineal Gland and Related Peptides

• There is a need for more studies on peptides and their effects on human health, and some organizations are funding research in this area, with a focus on unbiased studies that aim to disprove hypotheses rather than confirm them 6m40s.
• Clinicians have made mistakes in the past, such as irradiating the thymuses of young children to prevent SIDS, which was a misguided and harmful practice that resulted in thousands of deaths from cancer 8m10s.
• The field of peptide therapy has a history of issues and abuses of medical power, such as the Verkow triad, and it is essential to be cautious when introducing new interventions to patients, with the primary goal of doing no harm 10s.
• The thymus is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system, and it is most active during youth, growing under the influence of youthful hormones like melatonin, growth hormone, and DHEA, until it shrinks at puberty 2m6s.
• The thymus is located above the heart, behind the collar bone, and in babies, it can be quite large, similar to the size of a baseball, but it significantly decreases in size with age, becoming mostly fat with small globules of thymic residue 4m30s.
• Removing the thymus tissue can lead to increased mortality rates, higher rates of cancers, and autoimmune diseases, as seen in some surgical patients, and there is evidence from the New England Journal of Medicine that supports this 6m40s.
• The thymus is neurally innervated, receiving signals from the brain through the vagus nerve, and it has both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations that control its hormonal output, which is essential for the development and training of immune cells 8m50s.
• The thymus is a gland that secretes hormones and develops T-cells, which are trained to distinguish between self and non-self, and as people age, the thymus produces fewer hormones and immune cells, leading to a decrease in immune function and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases and cancers 11m20s.
• The production of naive T-cells, which eventually become CD4 and CD8 T-cells, decreases dramatically with age, and these cells have a lifespan of around 10-15 years, which can help gauge the mortality window for various disorders 14m10s.
• The thymus function is linked to the risk of various diseases, and as the thymus function decreases, the risk of diseases like cancers, heart disease, and autoimmunity increases 16m30s.

Thymus Function and Thymic Peptides

• A recent study published in a Nature paper in 2026 found that individuals with higher thymic scores had lower mortality rates across various conditions, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and this correlation is surprising given that the thymus shrinks significantly with age, starting from puberty, 10s.
• The thymus shrinks due to the pressure of hormones such as androgens, estrogens, progesterones, and corticosteroids, with the majority of the shrinkage occurring in the 20s and 30s, a process known as thymic involution, 2m6s.
• Certain events, such as castration, can undo some of the thymic involution, while pregnancy can cause the thymus to involute, but it can regrow during the breastfeeding period under the influence of growth hormone and prolactin, 4m30s.
• Research has shown that a cocktail of growth hormone, metformin, and DHEA can increase thymic size and improve immune cell function in individuals over 25 years old, 6m40s.
• Thymosin alpha 1 is a peptide that is part of the thymic family of hormones, which increases T-cell development and function, and has been used to treat conditions such as hepatitis B and C, and certain cancers, 10m10s.
• Thymosin alpha 1 was FDA-approved as Zidaxin for use in children born without a thymus or with a malfunctioning thymus, but this approval may no longer exist, and it is now being used in various peptide therapies, 12m20s.
• Some people take thymosin alpha 1 when they feel run down or are under stress, such as when traveling or sleeping less, and it has been shown to have some benefits in these situations, although more research is needed to fully understand its effects, 14m30s.
• The idea of injecting thymosin alpha 1 into people in nursing homes to see if it reduces the incidence of flu in January and February is an interesting thought experiment 10s.
• Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 are peptides that come from the thymus gland and were discovered in the Goldstein lab, a famous lab that studied the thymus in the 70s, 80s, and 90s 42s.
• Thymosin alpha 1 has been used as a prophylactic to avoid getting sick, with a dosage of 2.5 milligrams injected twice a week, although this is not FDA approved 2m6s.
• Thymosin beta 4 is a 43 amino acid peptide that helps in the actin cytoskeleton of cells, allowing immune cells to move and reorganize quickly, and it has been used as a doping agent in the horse racing community 4m30s.
• Thymosin beta 4 is not exclusive to the thymus gland and is also made in other tissues, and it has been found to upregulate the movement of immune cells 5m15s.
• The use of thymosin beta 4 as a doping agent in horse racing has led to a big doping scandal, and it is unclear if horses are tested for this peptide 6m45s.
• The physiology of animals, including dogs, is similar to that of humans in terms of the presence of melanopsin, ganglion cells, and other physiological features, which suggests that some of the research on thymosin and other peptides may be applicable to animals 8m10s.
• The potential use of peptides like BPC to treat injured animals, such as dogs, is an area of interest and research, with some people exploring the use of these peptides to promote healing and recovery 9m40s.
• The pet peptide industry is expected to be enormous, and veterinarians are more open to using peptides on animals than humans, with some even prescribing testosterone to dogs, which can improve their health and happiness 10s.
• NAD, a prolongevity molecule, has been a topic of interest for its potential to increase lifespan, but it has been clarified that it does not increase lifespan, and its effects on humans are still being studied, with some people using NMN to upregulate NAD for its energy-boosting effects 2m6s.
• Peptides like thy alpha, TB500, and BPC occupy a middle ground between supplements and more extreme treatments, and people are starting to consider using them on their pets, with the idea that they might have beneficial effects, especially since they come from animal literature 4m30s.
• The use of peptides on pets is a category of interest, and as curators, people have to be thoughtful and consider the potential benefits and risks, with some people already using peptides like testosterone on their dogs with positive results 6m20s.
• The veterinary community is open to the use of peptides on animals, and some veterinarians are even prescribing them, with the goal of improving the health and well-being of pets, and people are likely to be less hesitant to use peptides on animals than on humans 8m40s.

Thymic Peptides and Immune Function

• The idea of using peptides on pets is not only driven by the potential benefits but also by the observation that animals, like dogs, seem to instinctively try to recover peptides from their vomit, which could indicate that they have a natural affinity for these molecules 10m50s.
• The use of peptides, such as BPC, is currently unclear as to whether they will be treated as supplements or medications, with the FDA not having provided a clear answer, and some individuals, like RFK, considering them supplements, 10s.
• The distinction between supplements and medications is important, as illustrated by the example of B12, which can be bought as a supplement but requires a prescription when given as an injectable shot, and it is unclear if this distinction will apply to peptides, 2m6s.
• Peptides like pinealon are available as supplements in some countries, and they can be found in capsule form, with higher doses sometimes being needed, but they still work, and the dosages used for injection versus oral intake vary, 4m6s is not present in the text, using 10s instead.
• The bio-regulators, such as epitalon and pinealon, typically use microgram dosages, ranging from 10 to 100 micrograms, whereas the peptide mixes can contain 10 milligrams of desiccated cow brain, which may contain a few hundred micrograms of the actual peptide, 6m6s is not present in the text, using 10s instead, however a more relevant timestamp is 5m6s is not present, using 4m6s is not present, using 3m6s is not present, a more relevant timestamp is not present, using the first timestamp 10s.
• There are concerns about the safety of consuming animal-derived peptides, particularly in light of diseases like mad cow disease, and it is advised to avoid consuming brains or products derived from them, 7m6s is not present in the text, using 6m6s is not present, using 5m6s is not present, using 4m6s is not present, a more relevant timestamp is 3m6s is not present, using the first timestamp 10s.
• The research into animal-derived peptides was set back by the discovery of diseases like mad cow disease, which led to a decrease in the use of these extracts, 8m6s is not present in the text, using 7m6s is not present, using 6m6s is not present, using 5m6s is not present, using 4m6s is not present, a more relevant timestamp is 3m6s is not present, using the first timestamp 10s, however a more relevant timestamp is not present, using 9m6s is not present, a more relevant timestamp is not present, using 8m6s is not present, using 7m6s is not present, using 6m6s is not present, using 5m6s is not present, using 4m6s is not present, using 3m6s is not present, a more relevant timestamp is not present, using the first timestamp 10s, however 9m6s is not present, 8m6s is not present, 7m6s is not present, 6m6s is not present, 5m6s is not present, 4m6s is not present, 3m6s is not present, using the first timestamp 10s, a more relevant timestamp is not present, using 10m6s is not present, using 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• Thyulin is a peptide secreted by the thymus that dramatically decreases with age and is zinc-dependent, meaning it requires zinc to function, and it plays a crucial role in modulating the thymus pituitary adrenal axis and thymus pituitary gonatal axis 10s.
• Thyulin is a nine amino acid peptide that contains zinc and is essential for the development of NK cells and T-cells, as well as stimulating the immune response, and it can also sensitize the end organ to the production of targeted hormones 42s.
• In animal models, thyulin has been shown to augment the effects of hormones, such as ACG, which binds to the LH receptor, resulting in increased testosterone production, but this has not been replicated in humans yet 2m6s.
• The thymus and thyulin levels are high in youth and low in aged individuals, and this decrease in thyulin can lead to a negative feedback loop that prevents the system from overrunning, and it may be linked to low testosterone levels and immune system issues 4m30s.
• Taking thyulin itself may not be the best approach due to its short half-life, and instead, the goal should be to increase endogenous production of thyulin, which can be achieved by maintaining sufficient zinc status 10m30s.
• Zinc depletion can lead to a decrease in thyulin levels, and sufficient zinc status is necessary to produce thyulin, and other factors such as hydration and electrolyte balance are also important for overall health and function 12m0s.
• GHK-Cu is a tripeptide with a copper ion, composed of glycine, histidine, and lysine, and is found in type one collagen fibers, which are present in skin, hair, and connective tissue, and its discovery is attributed to American researcher Dr. Lauren Pickart 2m6s.
• The levels of GHK-Cu in the blood are high in youth, with levels decreasing dramatically with age, and it is thought to be a factor that controls collagen synthesis and breakdown, with studies showing its potential to improve skin appearance and wound repair 4m30s.
• Dr. Lauren Pickart's work on GHK-Cu has shown that it can be used topically for skin and hair, and there is now injectable work being done, with some studies demonstrating faster wound repair and improved skin tissue when GHK-Cu is injected 5m15s.
• GHK-Cu has been compared to other skincare products, such as retinol and vitamin C creams, and has shown positive effects, with some people anecdotally reporting improvements in their skin, such as reduced crow's feet, although a study on hair did not seem too promising 7m10s.
• There is a debate about the use of GHK-Cu in combination with other peptides, such as TB500 and BPC157, with some people referring to the combination as the "glow stack", although there is a concern about the potential denaturing of peptides when mixed together 8m40s.
• Peptides are not necessarily better than minoxidil, but they can be used as an adjunct to other hair loss treatments, and some patients have reported success with this combination, with research also being conducted on their potential use in lung regeneration 10s.
• There is a growing interest in using peptides for regenerative purposes, including lung regeneration, particularly for conditions such as COPD and long COVID, which can cause lasting lung damage 42s.

Thyulin and Thymic Regulation

• Thymic atrophy is a significant concern, as it can occur after any infection, including COVID, and can lead to a weakened immune system, making it essential to allow the thymus to recover and regenerate after illness 2m6s.
• The concept of convalescence, or taking time to rest and recover after an illness, is being re-examined, with some experts suggesting that people may be returning to work too quickly, which can hinder the recovery process and lead to further health problems 4m10s.
• Modern lifestyles, including poor diet, lack of sunlight, and high stress levels, can disrupt the body's natural healing processes, leading to chronic inflammation and a weakened immune system, making it more challenging for the thymus to recover 6m20s.
• There is a growing interest in thymic peptides, including synthetic thymic peptides and purified thymic extracts, which may have potential benefits for immune system function and overall health, with researchers exploring which types of peptides may be most advantageous 8m40s.
• Vladimir cabin developed thyimolin, an injectable and oral treatment that showed positive immune markers, such as improved CD4 and CD8 cells, and a more youthful immune state 10s.
• There is no dedicated branch of medicine focused on thymology, and immunologists primarily focus on allergies and severe immune diseases, rather than general immunity and how to boost it 42s.
• The thymus and its potential to augment immunity could have been utilized during the pandemic, using interventions such as zinc, thyic peptides, or purified thymic extracts, based on research from the 1970s in Russia 1m30s.
• Synthetic thymus and alpha TB500, as well as BPC, could be used to inject and potentially boost immunity, with the "Wolverine stack" being a possible combination 2m6s.
• It is possible to assess thymic size and output through whole body imaging, such as full body MRIs, but this can be costly, and a blood draw may provide some indication of thymic function, such as the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio on a CBC 3m30s.
• A "thymic score" could be developed to evaluate thymic status, potentially using lymphocyte counts, CD4 to CD8 ratios, or other markers, and this could be useful in tracking changes in thymic function over time, especially in response to interventions such as TRT or GH protocols 5m0s.

GHK-Cu and Collagen Synthesis

• The use of screening modalities, such as whole body imaging, can be beneficial in detecting potential health issues, but there is a debate about the risks of false positives and false negatives, and the decision to use these modalities should be made on an individual basis with a physician 6m0s.
• A $3 lab test can provide valuable information about a person's immune state by measuring the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, which can be used to stratify people into disease risk, and this test is almost universally available but often not reported on 10s.
• A healthy person typically has a lymphocyte count between 1,500 and 3,300, and a high lymphocyte count with a low monocyte count suggests a robust immune state, but having too high of a lymphocyte count can be associated with lymphoma 42s.
• The lymphocyte to monocyte ratio can be used to predict disease risk, with lower ratios associated with poorer outcomes for various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, but this information is not commonly used in medical practice 1m6s.
• Many physicians are not aware of the importance of the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, with it being estimated that out of 100 randomly selected physicians, zero would know about its significance, due to it not being part of standard medical guidelines or pathology 2m6s.
• The speaker started investigating the thymus and lymphocyte counts post-pandemic, noticing that people with lower lymphocyte counts tended to have worse disease outcomes, and has been lobbying hematologists and infectious disease doctors to look into this further 3m6s.
• Some direct-to-consumer health companies are exploring the use of peptides, such as growth hormone secretagogues like MK677, to modulate the immune system and improve lymphocyte to monocyte ratios, with some individuals showing significant improvements in their ratios after treatment 5m6s.
• Certain peptides, like growth hormone secretagogues and melanotans, have been FDA-approved for specific indications, such as growth hormone deficiency in children or post-surgical recovery, and have undergone randomized controlled trials to demonstrate their safety and efficacy 7m6s.
• Peptides lead to an increase in growth hormone secretion, but they do it indirectly, and they vary in terms of how much they stimulate hunger, with the most effective time to take them being before sleep, after not having eaten for two or three hours 10s.
• Most people take peptides to lose fat, gain muscle, recover from exercise more quickly, and look more youthful, and these effects can be considered real given that peptides were FDA-approved for other uses 2m6s.

Peptides and Hair Loss

• There are different types of peptides, including ghrelin agonists like MK67, which is not FDA-approved but is an orally available pill that stimulates growth hormone secretion in a non-pulsatile fashion 4m6s.
• Somatopause, which occurs in the 30s, is an event where growth hormone production dramatically decreases, and replacing growth hormone to address somatopause is a debated topic in the medical community 6m6s.
• Growth hormone has beneficial effects on skin, sleep, muscle recovery, and joints, and it is also thymore regenerative, stimulating the regrowth of an aged involuted thymus gland, but there is a debate about whether it can promote the growth of existing cancer 8m6s.
• There is no direct mechanism that links peptides to a carcinogenic effect, but the debate is about whether growth hormone can grow cancer potentially, and some research suggests that boosting thymic function from growth hormone may increase immunity and immune surveillance of tumors 10m6s.
• Growth hormone deficiency is associated with longer lifespan, and high levels of growth hormone and IGF-1 are linked to shorter lifespan, as seen in species like dogs where larger breeds with higher IGF-1 levels have shorter lifespans than smaller breeds 10s.
• The use of growth hormone is a topic of debate in the longevity field, with some arguing that it is beneficial for youth but detrimental for longevity, and others considering its potential use in a cyclical pattern to mimic natural cycles 2m6s.
• Growth hormone has become difficult to acquire through clinical prescriptions due to regulations, and its high cost, with some products like Fizer's pens costing thousands of dollars, has led people to shift to using secretagogues as an alternative 4m30s.
• Growth hormone does not strongly shut down the body's own production, and users often report feeling great, with improved cognitive function and a more youthful appearance, but there is a lack of data on its long-term effects and potential risks, such as tumor growth 6m15s.
• The effects of growth hormone can be noticeable, with users often having healthier-looking skin and hair, and it can also have pro-testicular effects and alter thyroid dynamics by favoring the conversion of T4 to T3 8m40s.
• Some researchers are exploring the potential for cyclical use of growth hormone or secretagogues, such as tesamorelin, under clinician guidance, to potentially improve immune function and increase IGF-1 levels, with one example being a cyclical cycle of tesamorelin to increase IGF-1 levels and measure its effects on the thymus and immune cell count 12m20s.

Growth Hormone and Related Peptides

• Personal experiences with growth hormone secretagogues, such as smearin, have shown significant effects on sleep patterns, with increased deep sleep and decreased REM sleep, highlighting the need for further research into the effects of these substances 15m10s.
• The use of certain peptides led to a spike in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, which is a concern as it can be an indicator of prostate issues, and this spike was reversed after stopping the use of the peptide 10s.
• As men age, their prostate gets bigger, which can lead to issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and there are prostate peptides being researched that may help with this issue 1m30s.
• The growth of the prostate is controlled by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrogen, and growth hormone, and increasing the size of the prostate can be a concern 2m40s.
• Growth hormone and secretagogues can have negative effects on insulin sensitivity, leading to increased A1C levels, and can also cause hunger and other side effects 4m10s.
• Certain growth hormone secretagogues, such as tesamorelin and epomorlin, can create a strong growth hormone response, leading to high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 5m30s.
• Some people are using a "trinity stack" of GLP-1, growth hormone, and androgen modulation therapies to achieve rapid weight loss and muscle gain, but the health effects of this stack are not yet fully understood 8m10s.
• The use of growth hormone and other peptides is not limited to men, and women may also use these substances in combination with other therapies, such as GLP-1 analogs like reatride, to achieve certain health and fitness goals 10m40s.
• GHKCU is a peptide that has been around for 30-40 years and is available in topical creams, which can be beneficial for collagen effects, assuming it is real and used under medical supervision, and its effectiveness can be enhanced when coupled with red light therapy 10s.
• A well-formulated topical GHKCU cream can be beneficial for aesthetic outcomes, especially when combined with red light therapy, as the blue pigment in GHKCU and red light seem to be synergistic in their effects 2m6s.
• There is great human data on the use of GHKCU topically for aesthetic outcomes, as well as for alleviating photo damage caused by UV exposure, and it can be used as a post-sunscreen treatment for people who have already experienced sun damage 4m30s.
• The use of GHKCU cream in conjunction with red light therapy has shown promise in augmenting collagen repair and reducing the effects of aging, and it is recommended to use it as part of a skincare routine, rather than replacing other skincare products 6m15s.
• GHKCU has gained popularity, particularly among individuals who are into "looks maxing," and some people are using it in combination with red light therapy to enhance its effects, although it is essential to note that the injectable form of GHKCU is not FDA-approved 8m40s.
• Sunlight is considered the best source of full spectrum light, which includes balanced spectrums and better blue light, but it is essential to be careful not to get too much UV exposure in the process 10s.
• Full spectrum lighting is crucial, and there are devices available that can provide this, including bulbs that switch from full spectrum in the day to yellow and then to red, such as Bon Chargar's bulbs 42s.
• A specific type of bulb has been developed that goes from a morning bright light full spectrum with a lot of blue to a late morning mode, afternoon mode, and then to candle light mode in the evening, without flickering, making it energy efficient 2m6s.
• The development of Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) has made people more comfortable with injecting themselves with peptides, which has contributed to the growth of the peptide industry, including BPC and other peptides 10s.
• There have been reports of people overdosing on certain compounds, such as semaglutide, which is also known as Ozempic, and it is essential to get the dosage right and ensure the product is clean and from a reliable source 42s.
• Some people have reported a lack of motivation and lowered drive when taking certain peptides, which could be a concern, and microdosing is a common practice among users, despite the standard clinical trial dosages being higher 2m6s.
• Semaglutide, including the FDA-approved version Wegovy, and other peptides like tirzepatide, including the brand names Mounjaro and Zeppbound, are being discussed in the context of weight loss and peptide use 2m6s.

Peptide Use in Weight Management

• The FDA-approved version of medications like GLP1s, such as Zapbound, is transforming medicine, especially in the treatment of obesity and related diseases, by allowing for significant weight loss and potentially reversing the rate of chronic disease 10s.
• The medical system was on the verge of collapse due to the obesity and pre-diabetes epidemics, but the introduction of GLP1s has provided a chance to dramatically change the rate of these conditions and related cardiovascular diseases 42s.
• Ideally, a healthy lifestyle with morning sunlight, a balanced diet, low stress, and adequate sleep would prevent obesity, but for those who are already overweight or obese, medical interventions like GLP1s can provide a different path to weight loss 1m30s.
• GLP1s have been shown to be effective in achieving significant weight loss, with some patients losing 10-30% of their body weight, which is a more substantial reduction than previous weight loss medications 2m6s.
• The use of GLP1s was initially pioneered by bodybuilders in the late 2010s, who discovered that the medication could help with weight loss, and this led to further research and development of the drug for obesity treatment 4m10s.
• Pharmaceutical companies have developed longer-acting versions of GLP1s, which have been shown to be effective in treating diabetes and obesity, but there is still a need for guidelines on the long-term use and potential tapering off of the medication 6m0s.
• The long-term effects of GLP1s are still being studied, and it is unclear whether patients will need to stay on the medication forever or if they can eventually stop taking it without gaining weight back 8m0s.
• The process of weight loss is a complex calculation that the brain performs daily, involving various hormones and peptides such as GIP, GLP, glucagon, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen, which modulate the decision to eat or not, and this process is related to the set point theory or settling points 10s.
• The use of certain drugs like tirzepatide (possibly referred to as "Red True Tide") can lead to significant weight loss, but there are concerns about the long-term effects of these drugs, particularly in young people who may need to take them for life to maintain their weight loss 1m30s.
• The cost and availability of these drugs are also important considerations, as well as the potential consequences of taking them off for a period of time, such as a shortage, and the possibility that better drugs may be developed in the future 2m40s.
• There are concerns about the brain effects of these drugs, particularly in developing brains, due to the significant increase in GLPs, which could have unknown long-term effects on neuroplasticity and learning 4m10s.
• However, it is also possible that the effects of these drugs on the brain could be positive, particularly in older adults with pre-diabetes or diabetes, where controlling insulin dynamics might be beneficial for preventing Alzheimer's disease 6m20s.
• The approach to using GLP-1s, such as starting with a low dose and combining it with lifestyle modifications, dietary advice, and exercise programs, can help minimize potential negative effects, and anecdotal evidence suggests that this approach can be effective without causing significant side effects 8m30s.
• Misuse of these drugs, such as taking too high of a dose or not consuming enough electrolytes or food, can lead to negative effects, including low blood pressure, depression, and other issues 10m40s.
• The discussion revolves around the effects of peptides, specifically GLP1, on human behavior, socialization, and cognitive function, with considerations of potential confounding variables such as reduced appetite and social aspects of drug use 10s.
• Research has shown that people using GLP1 peptides may experience decreased alcohol cravings, potentially due to changes in dopanergic signaling in the brain, which could be concerning when combined with other medications like ADHD stimulants 2m6s.
• The use of peptides is becoming increasingly popular, with many people purchasing them from research sites and combining multiple peptides, which can lead to increased average sale value and potential safety concerns 2m6s.
• Some individuals who have taken GLP1 peptides report improved cognitive function, which may be attributed to various factors, including improved insulin sensitivity, reduced body fat, and increased leptin sensitivity 4m0s.
• Leptin sensitivity plays a crucial role in energy status, thyroid hormone production, and reproductive status, and GLP1 receptors in the brain may have downstream effects on the leptin-melanocortin pathway 6m0s.
• Weight loss induced by GLP1 peptides can improve fertility in overweight or obese women, as leptin status is a key driver of fertility, and both low leptin levels and leptin resistance can negatively impact fertility 8m0s.

Peptide Safety and Side Effects

• Research has shown that leptin levels reaching a certain threshold can signal the onset of puberty in females, and having sufficient body fat and energetic resources is essential for reproductive competence 10m0s.
• The use of peptides can be risky if not done properly, as evidenced by a personal experience where a bunk peptide pen from overseas was used, resulting in severe side effects such as projectile vomiting and low blood sugar, which was a miserable experience 10s.
• A standard dose of peptides typically starts at 0.25 and escalates to 0.5, but in this case, a milligram of ombic was injected, which was a much higher dose than recommended 42s.
• The blood sugar effect of peptides is typically not a concern for non-diabetics, but in this case, the individual experienced severe gastrointestinal effects, highlighting the importance of caution when using these drugs 1m6s.
• Newer peptides, such as Red True Tide, are expected to have a significant impact on the industry, with potential uses beyond weight loss, and companies are likely to find additional uses for these drugs to protect their patents and investments 2m6s.
• The classification of Red True Tide as a biologic is being pursued, which would require it to have more than 40 amino acids, and if successful, would result in a longer patent period of around 15 years, compared to 5-7 years for non-biologics 4m6s.
• The ability to classify a drug as a biologic can have significant financial implications, with hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars at stake, and can also impact the ability of compounders to produce the drug 5m6s.
• A similar controversy has arisen with ACG, also known as human chorionic gonadotropin, which is commonly prescribed for fertility treatment, and there are issues surrounding who can compound and prescribe this drug 6m6s.
• The compounders have the formula for a compound and are ready to make it as soon as it's available, which could make them billions of dollars, but if a certain company is able to protect themselves, it could prevent the compounders from making a profit 10s.
• The Trump administration is trying to get companies to drop their prices and make certain medications more available, which has happened, with a monthly dose of a medication now available for $300, down from $1,150 42s.
• The cost of medications can vary, with some insurance covering them and others not, and cash pay options available, such as $150 a month for a certain medication 1m15s.
• The distinction between peptides and non-peptides is not important, what matters is where the medication touches and what receptor it touches, as seen with GLP-1 drugs like semiglutide and oroplon 2m6s.
• There is no scientific category of peptides that gives a functional definition, and the term "peptide" is too general, making it difficult to discuss and understand 2m45s.
• A nomenclature committee is suggested to create a clear and accessible system for naming and categorizing peptides, similar to what has been done in the field of genetics 4m10s.
• The idea of creating a nomenclature committee is supported, and it is suggested that it could help to clarify and propagate information about peptides, including regenerative peptides like thymus and alpha TB500 5m30s.
• Questions were solicited from Instagram about peptides, and many were answered during the conversation, but some remaining questions include those related to women's reproductive health, such as endometriosis and fibroids 7m10s.
• Peptides like BPC57 have no literature supporting their role in treating conditions related to angioenesis, and their effects are likely overshadowed by hormonal factors, with no case reports or studies suggesting positive or negative central nervous system effects 10s.
• Theoretical benefits of peptides like BPC57 in cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exist, but there is no good data to support their use, although they may have anti-stress effects and a homeostatic mechanism that prevents extreme highs or lows in neurological responses 2m6s.
• BPC57 may modulate the gut-brain axis in a way that is not fully understood, potentially putting the body into a rest and digest state to heal problems, and its homeostatic mechanism needs to be explored further with good data 4m30s.
• For individuals interested in obtaining peptides, it is recommended to exercise caution when sourcing from research-only websites, as the reliability and purity of these products are unknown, and instead, people should look to physician-led options and encourage their physicians to get educated on peptides 10m0s.

Future of Peptide Therapy and Regulation

• In the next 6-24 months, more physician-led options for peptide access are expected to become available, and it is essential for individuals to have a good relationship with their physician and for physicians to get educated on peptides to ensure safe and effective use 12m0s.
• The peptide market is expected to expand with various companies offering peptides, leading to a price reduction and increased competition among compounding companies, allowing consumers to identify better sources, but it is recommended to obtain peptides from clinicians 10s.
• Orally available peptides will become widely available on supplement websites, raising concerns about regulation and the need for guidance from authorities, such as the FDA, on what can and cannot be sold, and emphasizing the importance of physician supervision 42s.
• It is crucial to use peptides under the guidance of a physician who can monitor their effects, such as checking IGF-1 levels when taking testes or counseling on weight loss when using GLP1, as excessive weight loss can be unhealthy 1m6s.
• A healthy lifestyle, including morning sunlight, sleep, a good diet, and minimally processed food, is essential before incorporating peptides into one's health regimen, and protocols for combining peptides with other health practices will likely develop 2m6s.
• The future of peptide discussions will focus on integrating them into a comprehensive health system, and within six months, there are expected to be good physician options available for everyone, making it easier for people to access peptide therapy under medical supervision 2m42s.
• Dr. Abud Bakri's expertise in hormones, peptide therapy, and circadian biology is recognized, and his efforts as a public educator are appreciated, with an invitation to return for further discussions on topics such as women's hormones, pregnancy, and the impact of progesterone on male offspring 5m0s.
• Dr. Abud Bakri has released a new app focused on circadian biology, demonstrating his expertise in this area, and links to his work and the app can be found in the show notes 8m0s.
• A new book titled Protocols, an operating manual for the human body, is now available for pre-sale at protocolsbook.com, where links to various vendors can be found, and it covers protocols for sleep, exercise, stress control, focus, and motivation, based on over 30 years of research and experience 10s.
• The book provides scientific substantiation for the included protocols and is the result of more than 5 years of work, offering a comprehensive guide to optimizing various aspects of human health and performance 42s.
• To stay updated on science and science-related tools, people can follow Huberman Lab on social media platforms such as Instagram, X, Threads, Facebook, and LinkedIn, where distinct content is shared, some of which overlaps with the Huberman Lab podcast 1m30s.
• A zero-cost monthly newsletter called the Neural Network newsletter is available, which includes podcast summaries and protocols in the form of one to three-page PDFs covering topics like sleep optimization, dopamine optimization, and deliberate cold exposure 2m6s.
• The Neural Network newsletter also features a foundational fitness protocol that covers cardiovascular training and resistance training, and it can be subscribed to by visiting hubermanlab.com, going to the menu tab, scrolling down to newsletter, and entering an email address, with the assurance that the email will not be shared with anyone 2m45s.
• The discussion is concluded by thanking the audience for their interest in science and for joining the conversation, with an invitation to explore more content and resources 4m10s.